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This article applies to macOS only.

See also: Multiplatform Programming Guide

Installing Lazarus on a Mac is not particularly difficult but it is critical that you do the install in the correct order. Skipping steps will almost certainly end in tears. In brief, here is what you need to do:

With the Catalina upgrade, my Xcode did not automatically update to 11.1. The App Store kept trying to update Xcode each night through automatic updates. On its own, it never succeeded. Once it reported it could not download Xcode: Unable to Download App. 'Xcode' could not be installed. Please try again later. I was using Xcode 11 (dmg downloaded from developer account extra files section) on mac os 10.14.6. Today i updated my Mac os to 10.15 catalina to use xcode 11 canvas view but the issue is after updating to mac os 10.15 Catalina i am unable to open xcode. When i clicks on xcode icon it jumps for few seconds and then nothing happens. How can one install the C headers to /usr/include on macOS Catalina using Xcode 11? Context: The clang python binding search the header files in /usr/include per default. According to kkurian's answer and the comment I made (in response to this question), there are multiple ways to control this behaviour, if necessary.

1. Download and install Xcode (optional depending on your needs - see below for details).
2. Install the global command line tools for Xcode.
3. Download and install the Free Pascal Compiler (FPC) binaries and the FPC source from the Lazarus IDE file area (Important do this before you install the Lazarus IDE)
4. Download and install the Lazarus IDE from the Lazarus IDE file area
5. Configure LLDB - the Apple supplied (and signed) debugger from within the Lazarus IDE.

These steps are explained in more detail below.

• 1Installation
  • 1.3Step 3: FPC binaries and FPC source code
  • 1.5Step 5: Configure the Debugger
• 4Installing non-release versions of the Lazarus IDE
  • 4.1Lazarus Fixes 2.2
  • 4.2Lazarus Trunk
• 5Installing non-release versions of FPC
  • 5.1Installing from source
• 6Known issues and solutions

Installation

The detailed instructions assume a recent version of macOS on your Mac, a recent version of Xcode from Apple and a recent version of Lazarus. On the Legacy Information page, you will see older information that may be relevant if you are using older components. You can assist by replacing out of date information, either deleting it, or, if it may help someone working with a legacy project, moving it to the legacy information page.

In general, this is about using both the Carbon and Cocoa Widget Sets. While Carbon was once seen as a little more stable, with the release Lazarus 2.0.8 the 64 bit Cocoa Widget Set has now surpassed Carbon and should be considered seriously for any new projects. Carbon was intentionally limited to 32 bits by Apple and you should be aware that it and the ability to run 32 bit executables have been removed completely from macOS 10.15 Catalina and later versions which now only support 64 bit executables using Cocoa.

Step 1: Download Xcode (optional)

Xcode is a 12GB download which will take up 16GB of disk space. You only need to download and install the full Xcode development environment if you need:

• the SDKs for iOS, iPadOS, watchOS and tvOS; or
• to validate and upload apps to the Mac App Store; or
• to notarise apps for distribution outside of the Mac App Store.

Xcode 11.3.1 for use on macOS 10.14 Mojave must now be installed by downloading it from Apple Developer Connection (ADC), which requires free registration. Xcode 12.4.x for use on macOS 10.15 Catalina and macOS 11 Big Sur can be installed from the Mac App store. Note that you must first move any old Xcode versions from the Applications folder into the trash or rename the Xcode app (eg Xcode.app to Xcode_1014.app). You can then select which version of Xcode to use with the command line utility xcode-select. Open an Applications > Utilities > Terminal and type man xcode-select for this utility's manual page.

Older systems:

The Xcode developer tools can be installed from the original macOS installation disks or a newer copy downloaded from the Apple Developer Connection (ADC), which requires free registration. Download the Xcode file, it will end up in your Downloads directory as a zip file. Click it. It is unarchived into your Downloads directory. You may be happy with it there but maybe not. Other users will see the path to it but be unable to use it. And it is untidy there. So I moved mine and then told xcode-select where it was moved to (in a terminal) -

Step 2: Xcode Command Line Tools

This is shown here as a separate step because it really is a separate step. Don't confuse these standalone command line tools with the internal Xcode command line tools that the Xcode GUI will tell you are already installed if you installed the full Xcode package in Step 1. FPC cannot use those Xcode internal command line tools without configuration changes (see Xcode for details).

Do the following, it is quick and easy for all macOS versions up to and including Catalina 10.15:

For Big Sur 11.x, you only need to enter the first of the two commands above unless you have also installed the full Xcode package. If you have only installed the command line tools, you should omit entering the xcodebuild command.

If you have problems installing the command line tools using this command line method (eg the installer freezes while 'finding Software'), you can also download and install the command line tools package by logging in to the Apple Developer Site and downloading and installing the Command Line Tools for Xcode disk image.

Step 3: FPC binaries and FPC source code

Note: For installation on Apple Silicon/AArch64, after installing the 64 bit Intel binary and source for FPC, please refer to these instructions for building a native Apple Silicon Free Pascal Compiler.

Download and install the Free Pascal Compiler (FPC) binaries and the separate source package. A compatible FPC (and source) must be installed before you install Lazarus. You have a number of options.

Source Forge (Official Repository)

Download the official Free Pascal Compiler (FPC) binaries and FPC source packages from the Lazarus IDE file area.

When you arrive at that file area:

1. Choose the correct version of your operating system. The vast majority of Mac users should now choose the 64 bit packages in the Lazarus macOS x86-64 directory. Every Mac computer since late 2006 has been 64 bit capable. The fact that Apple has completely dropped all 32 bit support from macOS 10.15 Catalina (released in October 2019) is another reason to choose the 64 bit packages.
2. Choose the version of Lazarus you wish to install and you will be presented with the FPC binary and source packages to download.

These installation packages are built by the FPC/Lazarus developers and track formal releases. As these installation packages are not approved by Apple, you need to hold down the Control key, click the package and choose Open and confirm you want to install from an Unknown Developer.

You might like to try a simple and quick test of FPC at this stage - Testing FPC installation.

Step 4: Install the Lazarus IDE

Note: For installation on Apple Silicon/AArch64, please refer to the Lazarus Fixes 2.2 or Lazarus Trunk instructions to build a native Lazarus IDE. Skip to the building instructions and use the Lazarus Fixes 2.2 source / Lazarus Trunk source download as you wish.

Download and install the Lazarus IDE from the Lazarus IDE file area. When you arrive at that file area, choose the correct version of your operating system. The vast majority of Mac users should now choose the 64 bit packages in the Lazarus macOS x86-64 directory. Every Mac computer since late 2006 has been 64 bit capable. The fact that Apple has completely dropped all 32 bit support from macOS 10.15 Catalina (released in October 2019) is another reason to choose the 64 bit packages.

Step 5: Configure the Debugger

In versions of Lazarus 1.8.4 and earlier, you needed to use gdb as a debugger, slow to install and hard to sign. Since Lazarus 2.0.0 you can (and should) use lldb, a debugger provided by Apple, no signing required.

Assuming you have installed what is necessary and started Lazarus, all that remains is configuring the debugger. If you don't do this now, Lazarus will try to use gdb and fail.

First, click Tools > Options > Debugger. Top right of the window now open has a label, 'Debugger type and path', you must set both. Select 'LLDB debugger (with fpdebug) (Beta)'.

If it is not shown in the selection list, see Installing LazDebuggerFpLLdb below. The XCode command line tools install lldb to the /usr/bin directory. Save those settings and you can now try to compile the almost nothing program that Lazarus has kindly provided for you (click the small green triangle near top left).

Next you see a puzzling question, see image below. Choose a 'Debug Format' from one of the offered -

Martin_fr, the person who has given us this interface between Lazarus and lldb, suggests you use 'dwarf3' . Then, you need to enter your password, a macOS cuteness because one application appears to be interfering with another. In this case, that's fine!

In the latest versions of Lazarus (tested on 2.1.0 compiled from source) click Lazarus > Preferences... > Debugger > Debugger backend. In the Debugger type and path box select 'LLDB debugger (with fpdebug)(Beta) and /usr/bin/lldb. This requires that the package lazdebuggerfplldb.lpk has been installed for it to work as described below.

When running the debugger from time to time you will be asked for your password to allow debugging. This is for your own safety.

Extra Information on using lldb

A great deal of information about using lldb appears in this forum thread. Here are a few gems, again, from Martin_fr:

In the unexpected case of problems, it may be worth trying 'dwarf with sets' instead of just 'dwarf3'.

The 'debug info' setting only affects the units directly in your project. However, units in packages may have debug info too. This can be:

• set per package
• for many, but not all packages in the menu Tools > Configure 'Build Lazarus'
• Project > Project Options > Additions and Overrides

If you change settings for a package, you might want to check which package you expect to step into when debugging. Packages you do not step into, do not need debug info.

If you use a type from a package (such as TForm from LCL) it is enough that your unit (in which you declare the variable / must declare and use a variable to include the type) has debug info. Reducing the number of packages with debug info (including those that default to have debug info), can shorten the debuggers start-up time.

Also it may be worth comparing (it has not been tested) the debuggers start up time for the same settings, only changing the checkbox 'use external debug info'.

This needs to be only set in your project. If set in your project it will affect all packages. (If set in a package it will do nothing / at least should...)

Installing LazDebuggerFpLLdb

If you installed from source and used the bigide parameter to make, then the correct debugger will be installed, as a package, and ready to go. If, however, you installed in another way, it may, or may not be there. From the main IDE screen, click Packages->Install/UninstallPackages. Shown is two lists of packages, the list on the left is installed, the list on the right is available to install. Look for LazDebuggerFpLldb (exactly that, there are some similar named but less suitable packages). If it is on the right hand side, click it, press 'Install Selection' and then 'Save and rebuild IDE'. This will take a little time, the IDE will shutdown and restart and all should be well. Now jump back up the page and continue configuring the debugger.

Cocoa 64 bit vs Carbon 32 bit

Lazarus using the Apple 64 bit Cocoa framework should now meet the needs of users. The Apple 32 bit Carbon framework works pretty much as expected but you are advised to try Cocoa first, because Apple has dropped support for 32 bit applications and the Carbon framework from macOS 10.15 Catalina which was released in October 2019.

Alternatives include QT and GTK2+, both requiring additional libraries and GTK2+ on the Mac appears to get little attention these days. QT on the Mac does have some strong supporters on the Lazarus forum.

Cocoa is now undeniably the future on the Mac. It is possible to build an all Cocoa version of Lazarus with release 2.0.0 and later. It is also possible to make a Carbon install of Lazarus (unless you are running macOS 10.15 Catalina or later) and use that to generate Cocoa 64 bit binaries.

In the Carbon or Cocoa IDE, you need to set the Target to the 64 bit processor and select the Cocoa Widget set:

• Open your project with Lazarus and from the menu select Project > Project Options
• In the 'Config and Target' panel set the 'Target CPU family' to be 'x86_64'
• In the 'Additions and Overrides' panel click on 'Set LCLWidgetType' pulldown and set the value to 'Cocoa'
• For some reason Lazarus sets the compiler to '/usr/local/bin/ppc386' - which results in 32 bit applications. Make sure under Tools > Options that 'Compiler Executable' is set to '/usr/local/bin/fpc' to get 64 bit applications.
• Now compile your project - and please feed back any problems you experience.

FPC + Lazarus Compatibility Matrix

Not every combination of Lazarus and Free Pascal is compatible with every installation of macOS. Please refer to the following table in order to find the correct version for your development environment:

x = 0, 2 or 4; y = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12

^ Carbon interface compiles - Cocoa does not.

^^ Restrictions apply to debugging with gdb.

** See Installing Lazarus 2.0.8, 2.0.10 with FPC 3.2.0 for macOS 10.10 and earlier for instructions.

*** See Installing Lazarus 2.0.8 with FPC 3.2.0 for macOS 10.11+ for instructions.

# Cannot run with/without debugging in the IDE. Can run compiled application outside of the IDE. See Issue #37324

## You need to compile FPC 3.2.0 from source with FPC 3.0.4 which is installed with the Lazarus 2.0.12 packages.

† Cannot 'run without debugging' in the IDE. Can run compiled application outside of the IDE. See Lazarus IDE - Unable to 'run without debugging' for workaround. See Issue #36780.

†† You need to compile a native aarch64 version of FPC 3.3.1 (trunk) and Lazarus 2.0.12 from source to support an Apple Silicon M1 processor. Refer to these instructions for FPC and these instructions for the Lazarus IDE.

††† After installing FPC 3.2.2, you need to compile a native aarch64 version of Lazarus from source to support an Apple Silicon M1 processor. Refer to these instructions for compiling the Lazarus IDE.

* Lazarus 2.2 Release Candidate 1 installs universal binaries for FPC 3.2.2, but an Intel Lazarus IDE binary which you can use or recompile the IDE from within itself for a native aarch64 version. This may change when Lazarus 2.2 is officially released.

Installing non-release versions of the Lazarus IDE

Lazarus Fixes 2.2

There are a number of reasons why you may be better off using a non-release version of Lazarus, specifically, fixes_2_2. Particularly:

• You almost certainly need to target 64 bit Cocoa, macOS 10.15 Catalina and later do not support 32 bit Carbon at all.
• The Cocoa widget set has steadily improved and the lldb debugger interface has rapidly improved, since even v2.0.0.
• If your Mac has an Apple M1 Processor, the debugger in fixes_2_2 now works for aarch64.
• Fixes_2_2 is a safer and more stable option than trunk, but still gets the new features much faster than the release version.

Pre-compiled binaries based on fixes_2_2 are not available from SourceForge so we download and build from the source code. A little slow initially but very reliable and a great test of your compiler install ! You will need git which is included in all recent versions of the Xcode command line tools which you should have already installed (see Xcode Command Line Tools above).

About svn or git: The Xcode 11.4 command line tools on macOS 10.15 no longer install svn, only git. You can install subversion via fink, ports or brew.

Additional notes for building a native aarch64 Lazarus IDE for an Apple Silicon M1 processor Mac

• Ensure you have compiled a native aarch64 Free Pascal Compiler (see Apple Silicon Support for how to do this).

Note: The FPC 3.2.2 release includes universal binaries which will run natively on both aarch64 (ARM 64 bit - Apple Silicon M1) as well as x86_64 (Intel 64 bit) so you no longer need to compile your own from source.

• When building the Lazarus IDE, change the CPU_TARGET in the instructions below from x86_64 (Intel 64 bit) to aarch64 (ARM 64 bit - Apple Silicon M1).

Downloading Lazarus Fixes 2.2 source

Create a directory for Lazarus and download the current fixes version:

Using git:

Using svn:

Depending on your internet connection and server congestion this takes a few seconds or a few minutes.

Updating Lazarus Fixes 2.2 source

To keep your fixes_2_2 installation up to date is as easy as:

Using git:

Using svn:

Building Lazarus Fixes 2.2 source

• Note I pass a parameter to use a config directory that is based on the name of the actual install directory. It makes some scripting easy.

• On older macOS versions supporting 32 bit applications, replace the above make line with 'make LCL_PLATFORM=carbon CPU_TARGET=i386 bigide ' and set up your project as mentioned in the Carbon and Cocoa section below.

You might like to put a small script in your $HOME/bin directory and even set a path to it (very UNIX!)

Lazarus Trunk

Precompiled binaries based on the trunk development version of the Lazarus IDE are not available from SourceForge, so here's how to download the trunk source using svn or git and build the Lazarus IDE. You will need svn (before macOS 10.15 - Catalina) or git (after macOS 10.14 - Mojave) which is included in the Xcode command line tools which you should have already installed (see Xcode Command Line Tools above).

Additional notes for building a native aarch64 Lazarus IDE for an Apple Silicon M1 processor Mac

• Ensure you have compiled a native aarch64 Free Pascal Compiler (see Apple Silicon Support for how to do this).

Note: The FPC 3.2.2 release includes universal binaries which will run natively on both aarch64 (ARM 64 bit - Apple Silicon M1) as well as x86_64 (Intel 64 bit) so you no longer need to compile your own from source.

• When building the Lazarus IDE, change the CPU_TARGET in the instructions below from x86_64 (Intel 64 bit) to aarch64 (ARM 64 bit - Apple Silicon M1).

Downloading Lazarus trunk source

Using git:

Using svn:

The above svn above invocation is more complex due to a bug in many versions of Subversion. This workaround was the work of Alfred (aka Don Alfredo in the Forum) who is the wizard behind fpcupdeluxe.

Updating Lazarus trunk source

To update your existing trunk source.

Using git:

Using svn:

Building Lazarus trunk source

What does the bigide make argument do?

The bigidemake argument adds a bunch of packages to Lazarus that many find useful and cannot do without. The packages that are added are:

The above list is sourced from the [Lazarus source directory]/IDE/Makefile.fpc and may be subject to change.

Note that if you have not compiled your own Lazarus IDE with the bigide argument, you can install any of these packages yourself using the Lazarus IDE Package > Install/Uninstall Packages... dialog.

Installing non-release versions of FPC

Installing from source

There are two current non-release branches of the Free Pascal Compiler: the development (trunk) branch and the Fixes 3.2 branch which includes additional fixes to the released 3.2.2 version. Developers, and those who like living on the bleeding edge and testing new features and fixes, will choose the development version; more normal users, who wish to use a stable branch with some additional fixes since the latest release version, will choose the Fixes branch. The instructions below cover both these branches.

The source code is kept in a version control system called git:

• macOS 10.5 and higher already contain a command line git client if you have installed the Xcode command line utilities.

• You also need the latest released Free Pascal Compiler version (3.2.2 as of August 2021) installed in order to be able to successfully compile the development (trunk) version.

Note: When building a native aarch64 Free Pascal Compiler (ppca64) for an Apple Silicon M1 processor Mac, change the CPU_TARGET in the instructions below from x86_64 (Intel 64 bit) to aarch64 (ARM 64 bit - Apple Silicon M1) and change any reference to ppcx64 to ppca64

FPC Trunk

• FPC User Changes in Trunk - may break existing code.

Note that since FPC trunk is by definition still under development, some of the features may still change before they end up in a release version.

Create a directory where you would like to put the source (eg fpc_trunk in your home directory). You don't need to be root to do this. Any normal user can do this. Open an Applications > Utilities > Terminal and do the following:

This will create a directory called 'fpc_trunk' and download the FPC trunk source to it.

To subsequently update your local source repository with the latest source changes you can simply do:

To build and install FPC (the highlighted text should be all on one line):

You will also need to update the links for the compiler in /usr/local/bin which will be pointing to the previous FPC version. For example:

Note that you will need to build a new ppc386 compiler if you want to continue to compile 32 bit applications by replacing these lines (this may not be possible after Xcode 11.3.1 and macOS 10.14.6 Mojave because of Apple's removal of 32 bit frameworks):

with these two lines:

FPC Fixes 3.2

Create a directory where you would like to put the source (eg fpc_fixes32 in your home directory). You don't need to be root to do this. Any normal user can do this. Open an Applications > Utilities > Terminal and do the following:

This will create a directory called fpc_fixes32 and download the FPC source to it.

To subsequently update your local copy of the repository source with the latest source changes you can simply do:

To build and install FPC (the highlighted text should be all on one line):

You will also need to update the links for the compiler in /usr/local/bin which will be pointing to the previous FPC version. For example:

Note that you will need to build a new ppc386 compiler if you want to continue to compile 32 bit applications by replacing these lines (this may not be possible after Xcode 11.3.1 and macOS 10.14.6 Mojave because of Apple's removal of 32 bit frameworks):

Known issues and solutions

Install Xcode 11 On Catalina Mac

Lazarus IDE - Unable to 'run without debugging'

If you are using the Lazarus IDE 2.0.10 and the Run > Run without debugging menu option fails with a dialog similar to:

then you need to patch the Lazarus 2.0.10 source code (Issue #37324 and Issue #36780). Specifically, patch ../ide/main.pp as below (unpatched lines shown first, patched lines shown second):

and recompile the Lazarus IDE.

Install Xcode 11 On Catalina Download

Alternatively, you can omit patching the source code and simply recompile Lazarus 2.0.10 with FPC 3.0.4.

Install Xcode 11 On Catalina

A similar patching exercise and recompiling, or simply recompiling with FPC 3.0.4, needs to be done for Lazarus 2.0.8 if it has been compiled with FPC 3.2.0.

Upgrading from Mojave (10.14) to Catalina (10.15)

• Run sudo xcode-select --install

• To enable Lazarus to locate the crt1.10.5.o file change in /etc/fpc.cfg the -Fl behind '#ifdef cpux86_64' from

to

Building the FPC compiler from Mojave (10.14) onwards

• To find the crt1.10.5.o file when building a later Free Pascal Compiler version from source, you need to specify:

on the make command line because FPC ignores the /etc/fpc.cfg configuration file during builds of itself.

Mac Installation FAQ

• See the Mac Installation FAQ for solutions to other common problems that may arise during (and after) installation of Lazarus and Free Pascal on macOS.

Uninstalling Lazarus and Free Pascal

Refer to Uninstalling Lazarus on macOS for uninstallation options.

Legacy Information

See Legacy Information for details of:

• Installing Lazarus on Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard), OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion)
• Installing Lazarus 2.0.8, 2.0.10 with FPC 3.2.0 for macOS 10.10 and earlier
• Installing Lazarus 2.0.8 with FPC 3.2.0 for macOS 10.11+
• Installing Lazarus on PowerPC-based Macs
• Old Xcode versions
• Installing the gdb debugger
• Compatibility matrix for Lazarus 1.0.0 through 1.6.4 and FPC 2.6.0 through 3.0.2.

See also

• Xcode.
• Other macOS installation options.
• Installing multiple Lazarus versions.
• Mac Portal for an overview of development for macOS with Lazarus and Free Pascal.
• Mac Installation FAQ for solutions to the most frequent problems that may arise during (and after) installation of Lazarus and Free Pascal on macOS.
• Lazarus Trunk Notes - Note: work in progress
• Lazarus 2.0 Fixes Branch Notes - Note: work in progress

Update: I always appreciate the traffic, but the folks at MacPorts have their official installer for Catalina available now. You should use it:
https://www.macports.org/install.php
Updated on 2019/10/09 to work with the public release of Catalina.

Install Xcode 11 On Catalina Island

Another year, another round of “Oh, shit! My software doesn’t run on the latest version of MacOS!” While MacOS steadily marches towards being a consumer friendly OS that alienates the hardcore users, we continue to try to beat back the tide with tools like MacPorts. I’ll be curious to see how things go with future versions of MacOS, now that there are reports that upgrading to Catalina will wipe out a users /opt/ folder.

Below you will find my steps for getting MacPorts compiled by hand on MacOS 10.15 Catalina. I am working on a clean install of Catalina and Xcode 11. If you are trying an upgrade, or using a different version, your experience may be different. If you run into problems post a comment and I’ll do what I can to help out.

And so, without further ado…

1. Install MacOS Catalina
2. Install XCode 11
3. Launch XCode
   1. Agree to the license agreement.
   2. Enter your password when the authentication dialog box opens.
   3. Wait for it to finish installing components.
   4. Quit XCode
4. Open a terminal window.
   (CMD-Space terminal <return>)
5. sudo xcode-select --install
   (enter your user password)
6. When the pop-up opens asking for permission to install the command line tools, click “Install”.
7. Agree to the license agreement, despite what it says will happen to your first-born.
8. Back to your terminal window, inscribe these arcane incantations:
9. sudo xcode-select -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer
10. sudo xcodebuild -license
    (Space through the document, and then type ‘agree'<return> – The ghost of Steve Jobs will not start haunting you until at least New Years.)
11. cd ~/Desktop
    (A window will pop up asking for access to your desktop folder. Grant it, lest the imps be released.)
12. curl -O https://distfiles.macports.org/MacPorts/MacPorts-2.6.1.tar.gz
13. tar -xzvf MacPorts-2.6.1.tar.gz
14. cd MacPorts-2.6.1
15. ./configure
16. make
17. sudo make install
    (Enter your user password if prompted. You may not be prompted if you get through the above steps quickly.)
18. echo 'export PATH=/opt/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.zshrc
19. source ~/.zshrc
20. sudo port -v selfupdate
    (Enter your user password if prompted. You may not be prompted if you get through the above steps quickly.)

How To Install Xcode On Catalina

At this point you are pretty much ready to start installing ports. I say pretty much, because there are two ‘optional dependencies’ that will make your life easier:

Install Xcode 11 On Catalina Update

1. Install Java from https://www.java.com/en/download/mac_download.jsp
2. Install XQuartz X11 from https://www.xquartz.org/
   

OK, now you are really, really ready to install ports. 🙂

Install Xcode 11 On Catalina Free

Take your fresh Catalina install out for a spin and let us know how it goes!

If this worked for you, could I ask a favor? Share a link to this article somewhere you think people would find it useful. Thanks!